Sketches for a Mineral Genetic Material

I will argue that the driving force for the transition from geochemistry to biochemistry was natural selection operating, in its earliest stages, on inorganic materials. The most critical requirement for truly primitive evolvable systems is truly primitive genetic materials. These should have the kind of permutable structure that can hold information, and they should be able to replicate this information—very accurately for the most part. They should be like DNA in these respects. But, unlike DNA, they must do it all without any pre-evolved systems. Mixed-layer and polytypic materials will be featured in attempts to sketch what we should be looking for.

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December 2025 --The Variscan Orogeny in Europe – Understanding Supercontinent Formation

The Variscan orogen formed between 380 and 300 million years ago through several accretionary and collisional cycles, culminating with the construction of the Pangea supercontinent. This process occurred via sequential opening and closure of oceanic basins, synchronous detachment of Gondwana derived continental ribbons, and their outboard amalgamation onto the Laurussia margin. The Variscan orogen is rather unique compared with other orogenic belts on Earth: its overthickened and dominantly magmatic crust in the central belt, surprisingly minor mantle involvement in the magmatic and geodynamic processes, coherent and pulsed magmatism along the collision suture, and its complex accretionary history. Because its final product, Pangea, is the youngest and best-understood supercontinent on Earth, the Variscan orogeny offers clues for understanding the mechanisms of supercontinent formation.