February 2024 – Volume 20 Number 1
GUEST EDITORS
Mehmet Yesiltas and Yoko Kebukawa
PRINCIPAL EDITOR
Sumit Chakraborty
April 2024 – Volume 20 Number 2
GUEST EDITORS
Simon R. Wallis, Kazuhiro Miyazaki, and Ulrich Knittel
PRINCIPAL EDITOR
Becky Lange
June 2023 – Volume 19 Number 3
GUEST EDITORS
Emily C. First, Philipp Ruprecht, and Benoit Welsch
PRINCIPAL EDITOR
Richard Harrison
August 2023 – Volume 19 Number 4
GUEST EDITORS
James Byrne and Matthieu Amor
PRINCIPAL EDITOR
Richard J. Harrison
October 2023 – Volume 19 Number 5
GUEST EDITORS
Frances M. Deegan, Sara Callegaro, Henrik H. Svensen, and Joshua H.F.L. Davies
PRINCIPAL EDITOR
Becky Lange
December 2023 – Volume 19 Number 6
GUEST EDITORS
Max Frenzel, Raimon Tolosana-Delgado, and Jens Gutzmer
PRINCIPAL EDITOR
Janne Blichert-Toft
Extraterrestrial organic matter is found in various extraterrestrial environments and in various forms. It forms in a variety of locations through different mechanisms in space. As such, its nature, distribution, formation mechanisms and locations are of particular interest. Some organic molecules are even considered as key players for the emergence of life on Earth and possibly beyond. Therefore, their detection and characterization can contribute to the understanding of the early solar system evolution as well as the origin of life. Despite decades of work and research, there are still many questions and unknowns on this topic. The aim of this issue of Elements is to offer an overview of the concept of extraterrestrial organic matter as well as the latest scientific findings.
Subduction, where one plate dives beneath another, controls longterm wholeEarth cycling of rocks, fluids, and energy. Plates subduct faster than they heat up, making them the coldest parts of the Earth’s interior. Fluids released from these cold plates rise into hotter overlying rocks, forming magma that feeds surface volcanism. Cold deep conditions associated with subduction complemented by hot shallow conditions under volcanic arcs are reflected in the presence of pairs of metamorphic belts, representing sites of ancient subduction. This issue of Elements guides readers through a premier example of paired metamorphism: the Cretaceous SanbagawaRyoke metamorphic pair of Japan. Estimates of pressure, temperature, the age and duration of metamorphism, and the tectonic framework in which meta morphism took place help us to develop quantitative models—both for the evolution of SW Japan and subduction systems in general.
To study the Earth and other planetary bodies, one has to understand the mineral olivine; when and where it forms, how it crystallizes and deforms, and how it responds to changing environmental conditions in the Earth’s interior, on the surface, and in space. This issue will take a look at olivine research from the atomic scale to the Solar System and beyond. Olivine plays a critical role for plate tectonics, magma transport from mantle sources to the surface, how the Solar System differentiated and evolved, and also for the efforts addressing climate change through carbon capture and storage. This issue will highlight olivine research that crosses many disciplines, from seismology and geodynamics, petrology and volcanology to low-temperature geochemistry and remote sensing.
In this thematic issue of Elements, we look into biomagnetism and the production of magnetic minerals by microorganisms. In popular culture, this may have supernatural connotations; however, in reality, there are many microscopic biological organisms possessing magnetic behaviour owing to their formation of magnetic nanoparticles (MNP) such as magnetite (Fe3O4), maghemite (γ-Fe2O3), and greigite (Fe3S4). We look broadly at the relationship between biogenic MNP formation and biomagnetism: focusing on the mechanisms responsible for these minerals by bacteria; seeking to address whether MNP hold clues to the evolution of life on Earth, and potentially beyond; investigating the contribution of biomagnetism to the biogeochemical cycling of iron; considering the potential application of MNP for industrial remediation; and probing the presence of MNP in multicellular prokaryotes and eukaryotic organisms.
Earth’s history is punctuated by volcanic episodes at a scale never witnessed by humans, known as large igneous provinces (LIPs). These extraordinary volcanic and tectonic events are associated with profound changes to planet Earth, including its climate and habitability. One of the major factors controlling the impacts of LIPs is the cocktail of gases emitted to the atmosphere and oceans. In this issue of Elements, we explore the versatile impacts of LIPs, from their connections to mass extinctions in aquatic and terrestrial environments to climate warming and global icehouse events. This issue also highlights our current understanding of subterranean architectures of LIPs, processes and consequences of interaction between LIP magma and surrounding crustal rocks, and advances in the timing of intrusive events.
Geometallurgy is an interdisciplinary research field concerned with the planning, monitoring, and optimization of mineral resource extraction and processing. Geometallurgy requires a quantitative understanding of primary resource characteristics such as mineralogical composition and texture, the distribution and variability of these characteristics across the target ore body, and how these interact with mining and beneficiation processes. This requires accurate analytical data for resource characterization, a detailed understanding of ore body geology, process technology, economics, and the oftencomplex interactions between them. In this issue of Elements, we explore the fundamental concepts relevant to the field. We also review how current geometallurgical research is opening up opportunities for geoscientists to generate better economic and environmental outcomes for the global raw materials industry as part of a sustainable economy.