Greenhouse Gas Emissions at the Urban Scale

Cities are responsible for more than 70% of global anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions from buildings, transport, energy, industry, and waste-related sources. Improved urban-scale emission estimates are essential for understanding local trends and providing guidance for mitigation strategies. Current research in cities around the world is focused on establishing more robust methods for quantifying and modeling urban-scale emissions of the most abundant anthropogenic greenhouse gases: carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (N2O).

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December 2025 --The Variscan Orogeny in Europe – Understanding Supercontinent Formation

The Variscan orogen formed between 380 and 300 million years ago through several accretionary and collisional cycles, culminating with the construction of the Pangea supercontinent. This process occurred via sequential opening and closure of oceanic basins, synchronous detachment of Gondwana derived continental ribbons, and their outboard amalgamation onto the Laurussia margin. The Variscan orogen is rather unique compared with other orogenic belts on Earth: its overthickened and dominantly magmatic crust in the central belt, surprisingly minor mantle involvement in the magmatic and geodynamic processes, coherent and pulsed magmatism along the collision suture, and its complex accretionary history. Because its final product, Pangea, is the youngest and best-understood supercontinent on Earth, the Variscan orogeny offers clues for understanding the mechanisms of supercontinent formation.