The Vigor, Futility, and Application of Microbial Element Cycles in Alkaline Soda Lakes

Alkaline soda lakes are known as some of nature’s most biologically productive ecosystems. Vigorous production (photosynthetic conversion of inorganic carbon into biomass) is countered by incremental biomass degradation, which fuels and feeds a diverse microbial community. Learn here about key adaptations that help microbes survive and thrive in the extreme conditions of alkaline soda lakes. Dive into the interconnected microbial element cycles of alkaline soda lakes and discover how the geochemistry of these environments presents microbes with unique challenges and opportunities. Throughout this article, explore how the microbial inhabitants of alkaline soda lakes have been harnessed in biotechnological applications, including the production of protein-rich food, detergent enzymes, and the purification of biogas.

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December 2025 --The Variscan Orogeny in Europe – Understanding Supercontinent Formation

The Variscan orogen formed between 380 and 300 million years ago through several accretionary and collisional cycles, culminating with the construction of the Pangea supercontinent. This process occurred via sequential opening and closure of oceanic basins, synchronous detachment of Gondwana derived continental ribbons, and their outboard amalgamation onto the Laurussia margin. The Variscan orogen is rather unique compared with other orogenic belts on Earth: its overthickened and dominantly magmatic crust in the central belt, surprisingly minor mantle involvement in the magmatic and geodynamic processes, coherent and pulsed magmatism along the collision suture, and its complex accretionary history. Because its final product, Pangea, is the youngest and best-understood supercontinent on Earth, the Variscan orogeny offers clues for understanding the mechanisms of supercontinent formation.